Author Correction: Extreme sea levels at different global warming levels


Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Invasive interactions | Nature Climate Change


J. Alex Baecher from the University of Florida, USA, and colleagues from the United States utilized a simple experimental system to understand the roles of abiotic and biotic factors on niche selection. Their experimental design involved manipulation of water availability and the presence or absence of native arboreal tree frog species, Hyla cinerea and H. squirella, and a harmful invasive tree frog species (Osteopilus septentrionalis).



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Prudential regulation tools | Nature Climate Change


Diego Hidalgo-Oñate from Jaume I University, Spain, and co-authors conducted a systematic review of what climate-related prudential regulation tools currently exist and how they could help manage climate risk in banking. The authors first describe the overall landscape of the literature, including its evolution and geographic distribution. They then identify the tools that are the most cited, including disclosure requirements, climate-related stress testing, differentiated capital requirements, targeted refinancing lines and green finance guides. The authors also point out that there are gaps that could promote future research, including a green bubble, double materiality, interactions between policies, compound risks, small and medium enterprise banking, and bank governance.



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Mountain rivers warming | Nature Climate Change


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Melting uncertainties | Nature Climate Change


The melting of polar ice sheets is the biggest potential contributor to global sea-level rise, but quantifying this risk is made difficult by the many sources of uncertainty that affect the evolution of ice sheets. Besides a lack of data and process understanding of ice-sheet dynamics, the climatological forcing to drive ice-sheet models is also a key source of uncertainty.



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Searching for connections | Nature Climate Change


Research on organism responses to climate change needs to incorporate biological interactions, which requires consideration of the trade-offs between scale and resolution.

It is becoming clear — with the passing of time and the ongoing progression of the climate crisis — that expectations of organism responses to climate change are not always realized. Part of this can be related to the incorporation of limited physical factors into models that predict these responses (for example, focusing on temperature but missing precipitation), or focus on the magnitude but not the timing of these factors. Part of this can be related to questions of scale (for example, whether studies consider the macroclimate versus the microclimate, or are conducted at the species, population or individual level), or the unclear role plasticity and adaptation will play, or the difficulty in factoring co-occurring impacts, such as habitat loss and pollution, into climate change projections.


Credit: Eugene Mymrin/Moment/Getty

However, in addition to abiotic and environmental factors, ecologists’ ability to accurately describe the future impacts of climate change may also be hindered by difficulties in incorporating the role of biotic interactions into projections, which can change not just the magnitude but also the direction of impact.

This issue of Nature Climate Change features original research, reviews and opinions that touch on the importance of incorporating biotic connectivity into climate change ecology.

In one of two original research papers, Lesley Alton and Vanessa Kellermann show that species–species interactions can largely alter the costs of warming (see also the accompanying News & Views article by Mathieu Videlier), while in the second, Ewa Merz and colleagues reveal a negative impact of warming on network interactions and a shift in the trophic control of food webs (see also the accompanying Research Briefing). These two studies involve vastly different experimental systems and questions; Alton and Kellermann’s study investigates the metabolic cost for three Drosophila (fruit fly) species under controlled laboratory conditions, while Merz and colleagues utilize long-term monthly sampled plankton community datasets taken from Swiss lakes. Together, the works show how biotic interactions can both influence climate change outcomes and be broadly impacted by change.

The need for further research in the field is highlighted by two opinion pieces. Oswald Schmitz and colleagues’ Perspective article calls for the consideration of animals into plans for nature-based solutions, and argues that ignoring the functionally interdependent relationships between primary producers (such as trees) and animals will lead to misestimations of carbon sequestration potentials. In a separate Comment, Charlie Lowen suggests that overcoming the difficulties associated with understanding ecosystem-level change could be facilitated by the use of model ecosystems, such as lakes, which represent semi-discrete, repeated environments with clear boundaries that have well-defined and easy-to-sample food webs.

These opinion pieces underscore an issue that is well understood in the field: although it is clear that biotic interactions need to be considered as part of the understanding of climate change responses of organisms, it is also clear that doing so is an objectively difficult task.

Long-term data tracking of species–species interactions is largely absent, and collecting these data is painstakingly complex, particularly at timescales relevant to climate change. Lab experiments and the study of ‘smaller scale’ ecosystems (for example, bromeliads or microbial communities) can help with both of these issues, especially as new technology develops, but it has to be acknowledged that a search for connections will generally come as a trade-off between resolution and scale.

While global or large-scale studies can provide important information about overall patterns, smaller-scale work is needed to improve the accuracy of projections, something that is becoming increasingly important as climate change impacts intensify. The same can be said about the understanding of the other missing pieces of the puzzle that drive species shifts and survival under change, such as plasticity and adaptation, and microclimate impacts. Such work has wide-ranging implications and is urgently needed to aid management and conservation efforts.



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Representation of adaptation in quantitative climate assessments


We acknowledge support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme NAVIGATE under grant agreement no. 821124. N.v.M. acknowledges funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant agreement no. 01LN1711A). F.P. acknowledges funding through the CHIPS project, part of AXIS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, funded by FORMAS (Sweden), DLR/BMBF (Germany, grant agreement no. 01LS1904A), AEI (Spain) and ANR (France), with co-funding by the European Union (grant agreement no. 776608).



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Author Correction: Climate-mediated shifts in temperature fluctuations promote extinction risk


Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Trophic rewilding can expand natural climate solutions


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    A portion of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). JPL is within the unceded land of the people known as the Tongva (Gabrielieño) in the Kizh Nation. We also express gratitude to the lineage of Alaska Native knowledge systems and resilience.



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